δ (u, v) = 2 \frac{∥ u - v ∥ ^{2}}{( 1 - ∥ u ∥ ^{2} ) ( 1 - ∥ v ∥ ^{2} )}

x^{2} + y^{2} + a x + b y + 1 = 0

cos^{2} θ = \frac{P ^{2}}{QR}

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∿

δ (u, v) = 2 \frac{∥ u - v ∥ ^{2}}{( 1 - ∥ u ∥ ^{2} ) ( 1 - ∥ v ∥ ^{2} )}

x^{2} + y^{2} + a x + b y + 1 = 0

cos^{2} θ = \frac{P ^{2}}{QR}